The Surprising Link Between Hearing Loss and Dementia: What You Need to Know

Did you know that untreated hearing loss can be attributed to dementia in older adults by up to 50%? That’s correct. To understand why, we need to know what hearing loss is, how it links to dementia, why the connection matters, and what you can do to prevent it.

Understanding Hearing Loss 

What is hearing loss and how common is it? Hearing loss, quite simply, is something that affects the hearing system. It is very common, especially as we age.

There are three different types of hearing loss:

• Sensorineural 

• Conductive 

• Mixed

To understand the different types of hearing loss, you need to know how three different parts of the ear relate to them:

• Outer

• Middle

• Inner

These different parts of the ear have different structures or anatomy. If these structures are damaged or decline over time, it can lead to various types of hearing loss.

Conductive

Conductive hearing loss is related to changes that involve the outer or middle ear. Conductive hearing loss prevents sounds from reaching the inner ear. Most of the time, conductive hearing loss can be corrected. Infections, ear wax, and fluid buildup due to colds are common causes. On the other hand, structural abnormalities and middle ear bone problems can lead to permanent problems.

Sensorineural

The most common type of hearing loss is sensorineural, which involves damage to the middle ear. Aging, exposure to noise, infections, and head injuries can all contribute. This type of hearing loss is generally permanent.

Mixed

As the name suggests, mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. A combination of factors usually leads to mixed hearing loss. For example, as we get older, earwax can build up and cause conductive hearing loss from damage to the hair cells of the inner ear. Hair cells are responsible for responding to vibrations.  

Hearing loss has its own set of challenges, but may cause other complications. Researchers are finding that hearing loss can be linked to memory and thinking which can lead to dementia. 

Link Between Hearing Loss and Dementia 

Research over the last several years suggests a strong connection between hearing loss and the development of dementia. These studies show that untreated hearing loss is a strong risk for cognitive decline that can lead to dementia. 

As cognition declines, the brain overworks,  trying to process and understand sounds. This can cause faster brain tissue loss which can lead to dementia. Unfortunately, this can also lead to social isolation.

Social isolation itself is a risk factor for the development of dementia. People can feel frustrated and embarrassed because of their hearing loss which leads to withdrawal from social situations. When socially isolated, feelings of loneliness and depression develop which can lead to cognitive decline. Beyond the mental and emotional effects, age-related hearing loss can change the structure of the brain.

As you age, normal physical changes occur in the brain. The part of our brain we use to plan and make decisions is affected by hearing loss. Also, the part of the brain responsible for hearing is affected leading to cognitive decline. 

While there may not be a direct link between hearing loss and dementia, hearing loss plays a role in its development. It not only affects long-term brain health, but also quality of life, caregiver stress, and healthcare costs.

Why Does the Connection Matter? 

Hearing loss can impact your overall well-being.  It can cause frustration, sadness, and a sense of disconnection from others. It can lead to falls or other health problems.  This can decrease someone's quality of life and overall health in the long run. But, it does not just affect the person with hearing loss.  Family and caregivers may take on more responsibilities, which can be stressful and expensive. Taking care of hearing health early can make a difference.  It can help people stay active, connected, and independent for longer.

What You Can Do 

Several modifiable risk factors can lead to dementia. Modifiable risk factors are things you can do to change or improve with the right steps. One of the most significant modifiable risk factors is hearing loss. 

Modifiable Risks

Hearing loss can be slowed by decreasing noise exposure. Noise exposure can be both occupational and personal (headphones, nightclubs, concerts, etc.). Believe it or not, smoking can have both a direct and indirect effect on the hearing system. An unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercise, obesity and cardiovascular health, diabetes, stress, and anxiety can all affect your hearing. These lifestyle modifications can improve not only your hearing health but your overall health and well-being.

Screenings and Interventions

Regular hearing screenings should start at the age of 50, sometimes sooner depending on exposure. They should become more frequent after the age of 60.  Screenings are simple and can start with your primary care provider simply asking “Do you have difficulty hearing?” Family or those you are around most often can also help screen for hearing gloss.  

An audiologist, a specialist in hearing loss, can diagnose and make recommendations on interventions. Interventions may include hearing aids or other assistive technologies. Hearing aids are very beneficial. They have become more advanced and are far more discreet and less bulky.

Conclusion 

Hearing loss is more than just an inconvenience, it’s a highly modifiable risk factor for dementia and other potential health issues. If left untreated, it can put unneeded strain on the brain, lead to social isolation, and speed up cognitive decline. But you have the power to do something about it. Protecting your hearing through healthy habits, regular screenings, and early interventions can improve your quality of life, support brain health, and help you stay engaged and independent as you age. If you're concerned about your hearing, speak with your provider, get tested, and consider solutions like hearing aids. Taking the steps now can protect your mind, relationships, and your future.

References

Cantuaria ML, Pedersen ER, Waldorff FB, et al. Hearing Loss, Hearing Aid Use, and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024; 150(2):157–164. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2023.3509

CDC. (2024). About the Types of Hearing Loss. Parent Guides to Hearing Loss. https://www.cdc.gov/hearing-loss-children-guide/parents-guide-genetics/about-the-types-of-hearing-loss.html

‌Deal JA, Reed NS, Kravetz AD, et al. Incident Hearing Loss and Comorbidity: A Longitudinal Administrative Claims Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(1):36–43. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2876

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